Data Cycle

The data processing cycle is the order in which data is processed. There are four stages;

1. Data collection
2. Data input
3. Data processing and storage
4. Data output

ASCII Table

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It's a 7-bit character code where every single bit represents a unique character. On this webpage you will find 8 bits, 256 characters, according to ISO 8859-1 and Microsoft Windows Latin-1 increased characters, which is available in certain programs such as Microsoft Word.

ASCII control characters (character code 0-31) The first 32 characters in the ASCII-table are unprintable control codes and are used to control peripherals such as printers.

DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description 0 000 00 00000000 NUL �   Null char 1 001 01 00000001 SOH    Start of Heading 2 002 02 00000010 STX    Start of Text 3 003 03 00000011 ETX    End of Text 4 004 04 00000100 EOT    End of Transmission 5 005 05 00000101 ENQ    Enquiry 6 006 06 00000110 ACK    Acknowledgment 7 007 07 00000111 BEL    Bell 8 010 08 00001000 BS    Back Space 9 011 09 00001001 HT 	   Horizontal Tab 10 012 0A 00001010 LF 
   Line Feed 11 013 0B 00001011 VT    Vertical Tab 12 014 0C 00001100 FF    Form Feed 13 015 0D 00001101 CR 
   Carriage Return 14 016 0E 00001110 SO    Shift Out / X-On 15 017 0F 00001111 SI    Shift In / X-Off 16 020 10 00010000 DLE    Data Line Escape 17 021 11 00010001 DC1    Device Control 1 (oft. XON) 18 022 12 00010010 DC2    Device Control 2 19 023 13 00010011 DC3    Device Control 3 (oft. XOFF) 20 024 14 00010100 DC4    Device Control 4 21 025 15 00010101 NAK    Negative Acknowledgement 22 026 16 00010110 SYN    Synchronous Idle 23 027 17 00010111 ETB    End of Transmit Block 24 030 18 00011000 CAN    Cancel 25 031 19 00011001 EM    End of Medium 26 032 1A 00011010 SUB    Substitute 27 033 1B 00011011 ESC    Escape 28 034 1C 00011100 FS    File Separator 29 035 1D 00011101 GS    Group Separator 30 036 1E 00011110 RS    Record Separator 31 037 1F 00011111 US    Unit Separator

Data Representation

Digitizing- the process of taking information and converting it into its binary form.
Bit- smallest unit of data that a computer uses
Byte- 8 bits. Is equal to 1 character.


 Technologies for storing Binary Information:
1.Magnetic
2.Optical
3.Electronic


Conversion:
1.Decimal to Hexa-Decimal
2.Decimal to Binary
3.Binary to Hexa-Decimal
4.Binary to Decimal
5.Hexa-Decimal to Decimal
6.Hexa-Decimal to Binary

MATH IS FUN!!! \m/

Machine Cycle

SEQUENCE:
1.Fetch
2.Decode
3.Execute
4.Store

Troubleshooting

1. Don't panic.
   Relax.  Take a breath. 
2. Many computer problems appear more serious than they really are.
3. It may look like the computer has crashed and all your data is lost forever. But there are a host of problems that keep you from reaching your data or the network that can be fixed, sometimes in a matter of minutes.

If it’s your computer at the school, all the documents on the “H” drive (your “My Documents folder) are saved on the server and not on the individual computers in the classroom and labs so they’re most likely still there.  Even if they’ve been saved on the “C” drive of your home computer computer, they may still be there waiting for you.

That's not to say catastrophic data loss doesn’t happen – it can, but not very often.

2. Make sure there really is a problem.
   Can't start your computer? Check the basics.
1. Examine the cables, connectors, and power cords to make sure they're plugged in securely.  Often times a loose cable or connector (power, network, keyboard, mouse, speaker, monitor cable, etc.) is the cause of the problem.
2. If you're using a power strip or a surge protector, make sure it's on and that it works. Remember that a surge protector may not be working because it is designed to self-destruct. When an electric jolt is too much, your surge protector takes the hit saving your more expensive hardware from the voltage.
3. Try plugging something else directly into the electrical outlet to make sure there isn't a power problem.
4. Check to see if your monitor is on.  Sounds silly, but it has solved my own problem more than once.

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3. Can’t get on to the network or the Internet?

1.      Check to see if anyone else around you is having a similar problem. If so, there may be a service outage affecting a wider area
2.      Check to make sure the network cable is connected to both the computer and the wall or modem. 
3.      Check where the network cable connection is made to the back of the computer, you should see a little green light right where the cable connects.  If the light isn’t on or flashing, then you are not getting a signal to the computer.  If rebooting doesn’t fix it, contact the Help Desk or your ISP.

4. Error Messages - Write them down.
1. What tipped you off to the problem? Sometimes it's an error code or message displayed on screen. Be sure to write it down — it may describe the problem and how serious it is. Be sure to document the exact wording of any error messages.  This can make the job of the Help Desk much faster. 
2. Other times you get no warning — everything just freezes. Message or no message, be sure note what was going on when the problem occurred. Were you starting your computer? Were you on the Windows Desktop? Were you in a particular application? Surfing the Web?

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5. Think about what changed recently on your computer.
   Try to pinpoint when the trouble first started. Did the problem coincide with any recent changes?
1. Did you change any settings?  If you did you might want to change them back the way they were.
2. Any peripherals been added or removed recently (such as a printer or external Memory Card reader?)
3. Has anyone else been using your computer recently?
4. Have downloaded anything off the Web?  File sharing and free MP3’s are an easy way to get a virus on your machine. 

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6. The computer is on but…

1        Everything on the screen is frozen and the keyboard and mouse are not responding. 
Try tapping on the Num Lock key.  It’s located on the right-hand side of the keyboard above the number 7. While tapping the Num Lock key, notice whether or not the Num Lock light goes on and off. If it doesn’t, the computer is completely locked up.  You’ll have to REBOOT the computer.  If the light does go off and on, wait a minute before giving up hope.  It may come back to life on its own. 
2        Pressing Alt + F4
If a software program stops working or freezes up, try pressing the ALT+F4 keys to close the window that you’re currently working in.  This can shut down a frozen window and bring the computer back to life.  If the keyboard is frozen as well, you’ll have to reboot.
 
3        The “Blue Screen” has appeared.
 
The dreaded “Blue Screen of Death”. There’s not a lot to be done except to reboot the machine.  If it keeps occurring, this is an indication of a major problem with the computer.
 
4        The computer is on, but there is no sound.
Is there a speaker icon next to the clock on the taskbar? (It’s in the lower right side of the screen)  If you can find it, double click the speaker icon to bring up the audio controls for the computer.  See if any of the volume controls have been muted or turned all the way down.  Uncheck any Mute boxes that are selected.
5        The computer is on, but the keyboard doesn’t work
Swap the keyboard or try plugging the keyboard into another computer. If it doesn't work on the other computer, there is likely something wrong with the keyboard. If it does work on the other computer, there is likely something wrong on the computer or the connection to the computer.
6        CTRL-ALT-DEL

When you press the Ctrl-Alt-Delete buttons together, you will bring up a control panel where you can select “Task Manager” and see if any of the programs are shown as “not responding”.   You may be able to shut down the offending program from there.  If you can’t get to this screen, you’ll have to reboot.
 
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7. Rebooting can do wonders.

Don’t just pull the plug!
A simple reboot may clear up the problem. Go to the Start Menu and select Shutdown. Didn't work? It's time to try a forced reboot — with, unfortunately, no way to save your work — by pressing the keys CTRL-ALT-DEL simultaneously twice in a row.
If that didn't work, you have no choice: you have to turn the computer off manually with the power switch. Hold the power button down (for  about 5 -10 seconds) and the computer will shut down.  Wait at least 10 seconds for the hard drive to stop spinning and then restart the machine.
If the computer starts up, start the applications you were using when the crash occurred. Some programs, like Microsoft Word, make timed backups of your work and may bring up recovered files. If the program notifies you that there is a “recovered document” save the file under a different name and compare them to your previously saved files.

Computer System Unit Components

1. Motherboard
A motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard contains significant sub-systems such as the processor and other components.

 

 

 

 

2. RAM

Random-access memory is a form of computer data storage. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read and written in roughly the same amount of time regardless of the order in which data items are accessed. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement delays.

 

 

 

3. Power Box

A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use a switched-mode power supply. Some power supplies have a manual selector for input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the supply voltage.

 

 

 

 



4. CPU

A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The term has been used in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor and its control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry.

 

 

 

5. Hard Disk

 A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. An HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather than sequentially. An HDD consists of one or more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating disks (platters) with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and write data to the surfaces.

Introduced by IBM in 1956, HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for general-purpose computers by the early 1960s. Continuously improved, HDDs have maintained this position into the modern era of servers and personal computers. More than 200 companies have produced HDD units, though most current units are manufactured by Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital. Worldwide disk storage revenues were US $32 billion in 2013, down 3% from 2012.



 

 

6.  Sata Cables

SATA is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA succeeded the older Parallel ATA (PATA) standard, offering several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (seven conductors instead of 40 or 80), native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.

 















 

 

7. Optical Drive

Optical disc drives are an integral part of stand-alone consumer appliances such as CD players, DVD players and DVD recorders. They are also very commonly used in computers to read software and consumer media distributed on disc, and to record discs for archival and data exchange purposes. Floppy disk drives, with capacity of 1.44 MB, have been made obsolete: optical media are cheap and have vastly higher capacity to handle the large files used since the days of floppy discs, and the vast majority of computers and much consumer entertainment hardware have optical writers. USB flash drives, high-capacity, small, and inexpensive, are suitable where read/write capability is required.

 

 

 

8. Fan

A computer fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling, and may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, or move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component.

 

 

 

 

 

9. Video Card

A video card (also called a video adapter, display card, graphics card, graphics board, display adapter, graphics adapter or frame buffer and sometimes preceded by the word discrete or dedicated to emphasize the distinction between this implementation and integrated graphics) is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display (such as a computer monitor). Within the industry, video cards are sometimes called graphics add-in-boards, abbreviated as AIBs, with the word "graphics" usually omitted.

 

 

10.  Network Card

A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter, and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.







OS

An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating systems can be found on many devices that contain a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.
Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows, Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS. All these examples, except Windows, Windows Phone and z/OS, share roots in UNIX.

Generation of Computers

• First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
  The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
  First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.



• Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

 

• Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

 

• Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.

 

 

• Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

 

Software pa din XD

There are two types of software:

• Application software, which uses the computer system to perform special functions or provide entertainment functions beyond the basic operation of the computer itself. There are many different types of application software, because the range of tasks that can be performed with a modern computer is so large - see list of software.
• System software, which is designed to directly operate the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality needed by users and other software, and to provide a platform for running application software. System software includes:

1. Operating systems, which are essential collections of software that manage resources and provides common services for other software that runs "on top" of them. Supervisory programs, boot loaders, shells and window systems are core parts of operating systems. In practice, an operating system comes bundled with additional software (including application software) so that a user can potentially do some work with a computer that only has an operating system.
2. Device drivers, which operate or control a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. Each device needs at least one corresponding device driver; because a computer typically has at minimum at least one input device and at least one output device, a computer typically needs more than one device driver.
3. Utilities, which are computer programs designed to assist users in maintenance and care of their computers.

Software

I learned that computer software or simply software is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. Computer software contrasts with computer hardware, which is the physical component of computers. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used without the other. Using a musical analogy, hardware is like a musical instrument and software is like the notes played on that instrument.
Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and their associated documentation. The word software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Software is stored in computer memory and is intangible, IT CANNOT BE TOUCHED!

 



Keys

Excel shortcuts

Shortcut key	Action	Menu equivalent comments	version
Ctrl+A	Select All	None	All
Ctrl+B	Bold	Format, Cells, Font, Font Style, Bold	All
Ctrl+C	Copy	Edit, Copy	All
Ctrl+D	Fill Down	Edit, Fill, Down	All
Ctrl+F	Find	Edit, Find	All
Ctrl+G	Goto	Edit, Goto	All
Ctrl+H	Replace	Edit, Replace	All
Ctrl+I	Italic	Format, Cells, Font, Font Style, Italic	All
Ctrl+K	Insert Hyperlink	Insert, Hyperlink	Excel 97/2000 +
Ctrl+N	New Workbook	File, New	All
Ctrl+O	Open	File, Open	All
Ctrl+P	Print	File, Print	All
Ctrl+R	Fill Right	Edit, Fill Right	All
Ctrl+S	Save	File, Save	All
Ctrl+U	Underline	Format, Cells, Font, Underline, Single	All
Ctrl+V	Paste	Edit, Paste	All
Ctrl W	Close	File, Close	Excel 97/2000 +
Ctrl+X	Cut	Edit, Cut	All
Ctrl+Y	Repeat	Edit, Repeat	All
Ctrl+Z	Undo	Edit, Undo	All
F1	Help	Help, Contents and Index	All
F2	Edit	None	All
F3	Paste Name	Insert, Name, Paste	All
F4	Repeat last action	Edit, Repeat. Works while not in Edit mode.	All
F4	While typing a formula, switch between absolute/relative refs	None	All
F5	Goto	Edit, Goto	All
F6	Next Pane	None	All
F7	Spell check	Tools, Spelling	All
F8	Extend mode	None	All
F9	Recalculate all workbooks	Tools, Options, Calculation, Calc Now	All
F10	Activate Menubar	N/A	All
F11	New Chart	Insert, Chart	All
F12	Save As	File, Save As	All
Ctrl+:	Insert Current Time	None	All
Ctrl+;	Insert Current Date	None	All
Ctrl+"	Copy Value from Cell Above	Edit, Paste Special, Value	All
Ctrl+’	Copy Formula from Cell Above	Edit, Copy	All
Shift	Hold down shift for additional functions in Excel’s menu	none	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+F1	What’s This?	Help, What’s This?	All
Shift+F2	Edit cell comment	Insert, Edit Comments	All
Shift+F3	Paste function into formula	Insert, Function	All
Shift+F4	Find Next	Edit, Find, Find Next	All
Shift+F5	Find	Edit, Find, Find Next	All
Shift+F6	Previous Pane	None	All
Shift+F8	Add to selection	None	All
Shift+F9	Calculate active worksheet	Tools, Options, Calculation, Calc Sheet	All
Ctrl+Alt+F9	Calculate all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of whether they have changed since the last calculation.	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Ctrl+Alt+Shift+F9	Rechecks dependent formulas and then calculates all cells in all open workbooks, including cells not marked as needing to be calculated.	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+F10	Display shortcut menu	None	All
Shift+F11	New worksheet	Insert, Worksheet	All
Shift+F12	Save	File, Save	All
Ctrl+F3	Define name	Insert, Names, Define	All
Ctrl+F4	Close	File, Close	All
Ctrl+F5	XL, Restore window size	Restore	All
Ctrl+F6	Next workbook window	Window, ...	All
Shift+Ctrl+F6	Previous workbook window	Window, ...	All
Ctrl+F7	Move window	XL, Move	All
Ctrl+F8	Resize window	XL, Size	All
Ctrl+F9	Minimize workbook	XL, Minimize	All
Ctrl+F10	Maximize or restore window	XL, Maximize	All
Ctrl+F11	Inset 4.0 Macro sheet	None in Excel 97. In versions prior to 97 - Insert, Macro, 4.0 Macro	All
Ctrl+F12	File Open	File, Open	All
Alt+F1	Insert Chart	Insert, Chart...	All
Alt+F2	Save As	File, Save As	All
Alt+F4	Exit	File, Exit	All
Alt+F8	Macro dialog box	Tools, Macro, Macros in Excel 97 Tools,Macros - in earlier versions	Excel 97/2000 +
Alt+F11	Visual Basic Editor	Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor	Excel 97/2000 +
Ctrl+Shift+F3	Create name by using names of row and column labels	Insert, Name, Create	All
Ctrl+Shift+F6	Previous Window	Window, ...	All
Ctrl+Shift+F12	Print	File, Print	All
Alt+Shift+F1	New worksheet	Insert, Worksheet	All
Alt+Shift+F2	Save	File, Save	All
Alt+=	AutoSum	No direct equivalent	All
Ctrl+`	Toggle Value/Formula display	Tools, Options, View, Formulas	All
Ctrl+Shift+A	Insert argument names into formula	No direct equivalent	All
Alt+Down arrow	Display AutoComplete list	None	Excel 95
Alt+’	Format Style dialog box	Format, Style	All
Ctrl+Shift+~	General format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, General	All
Ctrl+Shift+!	Comma format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, Number	All
Ctrl+Shift+@	Time format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, Time	All
Ctrl+Shift+#	Date format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, Date	All
Ctrl+Shift+$	Currency format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, Currency	All
Ctrl+Shift+%	Percent format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, Percentage	All
Ctrl+Shift+^	Exponential format	Format, Cells, Number, Category,	All
Ctrl+Shift+&	Place outline border around selected cells	Format, Cells, Border	All
Ctrl+Shift+_	Remove outline border	Format, Cells, Border	All
Ctrl+Shift+*	Select the current region around the active cell. In a PivotTable report, select the entire PivotTable report.	Edit, Goto, Special, Current Region	All
Ctrl++	Insert	Insert, (Rows, Columns, or Cells) Depends on selection	All
Ctrl+-	Delete	Delete, (Rows, Columns, or Cells) Depends on selection	All
Ctrl+1	Format cells dialog box	Format, Cells	All
Ctrl+2	Bold	Format, Cells, Font, Font Style, Bold	All
Ctrl+3	Italic	Format, Cells, Font, Font Style, Italic	All
Ctrl+4	Underline	Format, Cells, Font, Font Style, Underline	All
Ctrl+5	Strikethrough	Format, Cells, Font, Effects, Strikethrough	All
Ctrl+6	Show/Hide objects	Tools, Options, View, Objects, Show All/Hide	All
Ctrl+7	Show/Hide Standard toolbar	View, Toolbars, Stardard	All
Ctrl+8	Toggle Outline symbols	None	All
Ctrl+9	Hide rows	Format, Row, Hide	All
Ctrl+0	Hide columns	Format, Column, Hide	All
Ctrl+Shift+(	Unhide rows	Format, Row, Unhide	All
Ctrl+Shift+)	Unhide columns	Format, Column, Unhide	All
Alt or F10	Activate the menu	None	All
Ctrl+Tab	In toolbar: next toolbar In a workbook: activate next workbook	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+Ctrl+Tab	In toolbar: previous toolbar In a workbook: activate previous workbook	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Tab	Next tool	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+Tab	Previous tool	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Enter	Do the command	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Alt+Enter	Start a new line in the same cell.	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Ctrl+Enter	Fill the selected cell range with the current entry.	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+Ctrl+F	Font Drop Down List	Format, Cells, Font	All
Shift+Ctrl+F+F	Font tab of Format Cell Dialog box	Format, Cells, Font	Before 97/2000
Shift+Ctrl+P	Point size Drop Down List	Format, Cells, Font	All
Ctrl+Spacebar	Select the entire column	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+Spacebar	Select the entire row	None	Excel 97/2000 +
CTRL+/	Select the array containing the active cell.
CTRL+SHIFT+O	Select all cells that contain comments.
CTRL+\	In a selected row, select the cells that don’t match the formula or static value in the active cell.
CTRL+SHIFT+|	In a selected column, select the cells that don’t match the formula or static value in the active cell.
CTRL+[	Select all cells directly referenced by formulas in the selection.
CTRL+SHIFT+{	Select all cells directly or indirectly referenced by formulas in the selection.
CTRL+]	Select cells that contain formulas that directly reference the active cell.
CTRL+SHIFT+}	Select cells that contain formulas that directly or indirectly reference the active cell.
ALT+;	Select the visible cells in the current selection.
SHIFT+BACKSPACE	With multiple cells selected, select only the active cell.
CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR	Selects the entire worksheet. If the worksheet contains data, CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR selects the current region. CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR a second time selects the entire worksheet. When an object is selected, CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR selects all objects on a worksheet
Ctrl+Alt+L	Reapply the filter and sort on the current range so that changes you've made are included	Data, Reapply	Excel 2007+
Ctrl+Alt+V	Displays the Paste Special dialog box. Available only after you have cut or copied an object, text, or cell contents on a worksheet or in another program.	Home, Paste, Paste Special...	Excel 2007+

Shortcut key	Action	Menu equivalent comments	version
Ctrl+A	Select All	None	All
Ctrl+B	Bold	Format, Cells, Font, Font Style, Bold	All
Ctrl+C	Copy	Edit, Copy	All
Ctrl+D	Fill Down	Edit, Fill, Down	All
Ctrl+F	Find	Edit, Find	All
Ctrl+G	Goto	Edit, Goto	All
Ctrl+H	Replace	Edit, Replace	All
Ctrl+I	Italic	Format, Cells, Font, Font Style, Italic	All
Ctrl+K	Insert Hyperlink	Insert, Hyperlink	Excel 97/2000 +
Ctrl+N	New Workbook	File, New	All
Ctrl+O	Open	File, Open	All
Ctrl+P	Print	File, Print	All
Ctrl+R	Fill Right	Edit, Fill Right	All
Ctrl+S	Save	File, Save	All
Ctrl+U	Underline	Format, Cells, Font, Underline, Single	All
Ctrl+V	Paste	Edit, Paste	All
Ctrl W	Close	File, Close	Excel 97/2000 +
Ctrl+X	Cut	Edit, Cut	All
Ctrl+Y	Repeat	Edit, Repeat	All
Ctrl+Z	Undo	Edit, Undo	All
F1	Help	Help, Contents and Index	All
F2	Edit	None	All
F3	Paste Name	Insert, Name, Paste	All
F4	Repeat last action	Edit, Repeat. Works while not in Edit mode.	All
F4	While typing a formula, switch between absolute/relative refs	None	All
F5	Goto	Edit, Goto	All
F6	Next Pane	None	All
F7	Spell check	Tools, Spelling	All
F8	Extend mode	None	All
F9	Recalculate all workbooks	Tools, Options, Calculation, Calc Now	All
F10	Activate Menubar	N/A	All
F11	New Chart	Insert, Chart	All
F12	Save As	File, Save As	All
Ctrl+:	Insert Current Time	None	All
Ctrl+;	Insert Current Date	None	All
Ctrl+"	Copy Value from Cell Above	Edit, Paste Special, Value	All
Ctrl+'	Copy Formula from Cell Above	Edit, Copy	All
Shift	Hold down shift for additional functions in Excel's menu	none	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+F1	What's This?	Help, What's This?	All
Shift+F2	Edit cell comment	Insert, Edit Comments	All
Shift+F3	Paste function into formula	Insert, Function	All
Shift+F4	Find Next	Edit, Find, Find Next	All
Shift+F5	Find	Edit, Find, Find Next	All
Shift+F6	Previous Pane	None	All
Shift+F8	Add to selection	None	All
Shift+F9	Calculate active worksheet	Tools, Options, Calculation, Calc Sheet	All
Ctrl+Alt+F9	Calculate all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of whether they have changed since the last calculation.	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Ctrl+Alt+Shift+F9	Rechecks dependent formulas and then calculates all cells in all open workbooks, including cells not marked as needing to be calculated.	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+F10	Display shortcut menu	None	All
Shift+F11	New worksheet	Insert, Worksheet	All
Shift+F12	Save	File, Save	All
Ctrl+F3	Define name	Insert, Names, Define	All
Ctrl+F4	Close	File, Close	All
Ctrl+F5	XL, Restore window size	Restore	All
Ctrl+F6	Next workbook window	Window, ...	All
Shift+Ctrl+F6	Previous workbook window	Window, ...	All
Ctrl+F7	Move window	XL, Move	All
Ctrl+F8	Resize window	XL, Size	All
Ctrl+F9	Minimize workbook	XL, Minimize	All
Ctrl+F10	Maximize or restore window	XL, Maximize	All
Ctrl+F11	Inset 4.0 Macro sheet	None in Excel 97. In versions prior to 97 - Insert, Macro, 4.0 Macro	All
Ctrl+F12	File Open	File, Open	All
Alt+F1	Insert Chart	Insert, Chart...	All
Alt+F2	Save As	File, Save As	All
Alt+F4	Exit	File, Exit	All
Alt+F8	Macro dialog box	Tools, Macro, Macros in Excel 97 Tools,Macros - in earlier versions	Excel 97/2000 +
Alt+F11	Visual Basic Editor	Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor	Excel 97/2000 +
Ctrl+Shift+F3	Create name by using names of row and column labels	Insert, Name, Create	All
Ctrl+Shift+F6	Previous Window	Window, ...	All
Ctrl+Shift+F12	Print	File, Print	All
Alt+Shift+F1	New worksheet	Insert, Worksheet	All
Alt+Shift+F2	Save	File, Save	All
Alt+=	AutoSum	No direct equivalent	All
Ctrl+`	Toggle Value/Formula display	Tools, Options, View, Formulas	All
Ctrl+Shift+A	Insert argument names into formula	No direct equivalent	All
Alt+Down arrow	Display AutoComplete list	None	Excel 95
Alt+'	Format Style dialog box	Format, Style	All
Ctrl+Shift+~	General format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, General	All
Ctrl+Shift+!	Comma format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, Number	All
Ctrl+Shift+@	Time format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, Time	All
Ctrl+Shift+#	Date format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, Date	All
Ctrl+Shift+$	Currency format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, Currency	All
Ctrl+Shift+%	Percent format	Format, Cells, Number, Category, Percentage	All
Ctrl+Shift+^	Exponential format	Format, Cells, Number, Category,	All
Ctrl+Shift+&	Place outline border around selected cells	Format, Cells, Border	All
Ctrl+Shift+_	Remove outline border	Format, Cells, Border	All
Ctrl+Shift+*	Select current region	Edit, Goto, Special, Current Region	All
Ctrl++	Insert	Insert, (Rows, Columns, or Cells) Depends on selection	All
Ctrl+-	Delete	Delete, (Rows, Columns, or Cells) Depends on selection	All
Ctrl+1	Format cells dialog box	Format, Cells	All
Ctrl+2	Bold	Format, Cells, Font, Font Style, Bold	All
Ctrl+3	Italic	Format, Cells, Font, Font Style, Italic	All
Ctrl+4	Underline	Format, Cells, Font, Font Style, Underline	All
Ctrl+5	Strikethrough	Format, Cells, Font, Effects, Strikethrough	All
Ctrl+6	Show/Hide objects	Tools, Options, View, Objects, Show All/Hide	All
Ctrl+7	Show/Hide Standard toolbar	View, Toolbars, Stardard	All
Ctrl+8	Toggle Outline symbols	None	All
Ctrl+9	Hide rows	Format, Row, Hide	All
Ctrl+0	Hide columns	Format, Column, Hide	All
Ctrl+Shift+(	Unhide rows	Format, Row, Unhide	All
Ctrl+Shift+)	Unhide columns	Format, Column, Unhide	All
Alt or F10	Activate the menu	None	All
Ctrl+Tab	In toolbar: next toolbar	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+Ctrl+Tab	In toolbar: previous toolbar	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Ctrl+Tab	In a workbook: activate next workbook	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+Ctrl+Tab	In a workbook: activate previous workbook	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Tab	Next tool	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+Tab	Previous tool	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Enter	Do the command	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Alt+Enter	Start a new line in the same cell.	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Ctrl+Enter	Fill the selected cell range with the current entry.	None	Excel 97/2000 +
Shift+Ctrl+F	Font Drop Down List	Format, Cells, Font	All
Shift+Ctrl+F+F	Font tab of Format Cell Dialog box	Format, Cells, Font	Before 97/2000
Shift+Ctrl+P	Point size Drop Down List	Format, Cells, Font	All

A special thanks goes out to Shane Devenshire who provided most of the shortcuts in this list!

References:

• Microsoft Office: Excel shortcut and function keys
• Microsoft Office Assistance: Work with the keyboard (with video)

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Shortcuts for the Visual Basic Editor

Shortcut key	Action	Menu equivalent comments
F1	Help	Help
F2	View Object Browser	View, Object Browser
F3	Find Next
F4	Properies Window	View, Properties Window
F5	Run Sub/Form or Run Macro	Run, Run Macro
F6	Switch Split Windows
F7	View Code Window	View, Code
F8	Step Into	Debug, Step Into
F9	Toggle Breakpoint	Debug, Toggle Breakpoint
F10	Activate Menu Bar
Shift+F2	View definition	View, Definition
Shift+F3	Find Previous
Shift+F7	View Object	View, Object
Shift+F8	Step Over	Debug, Step Over
Shift+F9	Quick Watch	Debug, Quick Watch
Shift+F10	Show Right Click Menu
Ctrl+F2	Focus To Object Box
Ctrl+F4	Close Window
Ctrl+F8	Run To Cursor	Debug, Run To Cursor
Ctrl+F10	Activate Menu Bar
Alt+F4	Close VBE	File, Close and Return to Microsoft Excel
Alt+F6	Switch Between Last 2 Windows
Alt+F11	Return To Application
Ctrl+Shift+F2	Go to last position	View, Last Position
Ctrl+Shift+F8	Step Out	Debug, Step Out
Ctrl+Shift+F9	Clear All Breakpoints	Debug, Clear All Breakpoints
Insert	Toggle Insert Mode
Delete	Delete	Edit, Clear
Home	Move to beginning of line
End	Move to end of line
Page Up	Page Up
Page Down	Page Down
Left Arrow	Left
Right Arrow	Right
Up Arrow	Up
Down Arrow	Down
Tab	Indent	Edit, Indent
Enter	New Line
BackSpace	Delete Prev Char
Shift+Insert	Paste	Edit, Paste
Shift+Home	Select To Start Of Line
Shift+End	Select To End Of Line
Shift+Page Up	Select To Top Of Module
Shift+Page Down	Select To End Of Module
Shift+Left Arrow	Extend Selection Left 1 Char
Shift+Right Arrow	Extend Selection Right 1 Char
Shift+Up Arrow	Extend Selection Up
Shift+Down Arrow	Extend Selection Down
Shift+Tab	Outdent	Edit, Outdent
Alt+Spacebar	System Menu
Alt+Tab	Cycle Applications
Alt+BackSpace	Undo
Ctrl+A	Select All	Edit, Select All
Ctrl+C	Copy	Edit, Copy
Ctrl+E	Export Module	File, Export File
Ctrl+F	Find	Edit, Find…
Ctrl+G	Immediate Window	View, Immediate Window
Ctrl+H	Replace	Edit, Replace…
Ctrl+I	Turn On Quick Info	Edit, Quikc Info
Ctrl+J	List Properties/Methods	Edit, List Properties/Methods
Ctrl+L	Show Call Stack
Ctrl+M	Import File	File, Import File
Ctrl+N	New Line
Ctrl+P	Print	File, Print
Ctrl+R	Project Explorer	View, Project Explorer
Ctrl+S	Save	File, Save
Ctrl+T	Show Available Components	Insert, Components...
Ctrl+V	Paste	Edit, Paste
Ctrl+X	Cut	Edit, Cut
Ctrl+Y	Cut Entire Line
Ctrl+Z	Undo	Edit, Undo
Ctrl+Insert	Copy	Edit, Copy
Ctrl+Delete	Delete To End Of Word
Ctrl+Home	Top Of Module
Ctrl+End	End Of Module
Ctrl+Page Up	Top Of Current Procedure
Ctrl+Page Down	End Of Current Procedure
Ctrl+Left Arrow	Move one word to left
Ctrl+Right Arrow	Move one word to right
Ctrl+Up Arrow	Previous Procedure
Ctrl+Down Arrow	Next Procedure
Ctrl+Spacebar	Complete Word	Edit, Complete Word
Ctrl+Tab	Cycle Windows
Ctrl+BackSpace	Delete To Start Of Word
Ctrl+Shift+I	Parameter Info	Edit, Parameter Info
Ctrl+Shift+J	List Constants	Edit, List Constants